[Note: I'm not saying that I believe what is written in this essay. I'm entertaining this schema as an experiment, to see what follows from it.] In ancient and early classical Greece, the good was identified with the pious. Then Socrates and Plato came along, and posed the rather devastating challenge to this world, enshrined in the Euthyphro : what is the pious, and why is it pious? Do the Gods will the pious because it is pious? Or is it pious because the Gods will it to be? If what we call piety is merely pious because the Gods will it to be, this implies a kind of arbitrariness to piety - and to consider piety to be arbitrary is, itself, a bit impious. On the other hand, if we assign an ontological priority to piety, what results is a kind of demotion of the Gods. They know that what is good is good (presumably because of their omniscience, or something like it), but they don't get to decide what is good. Socrates had performed the mo...